Ta’aziyyar Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o: Zakaran Adabin Afirka (1938-2025)
Daga Bashir Yahuza Malumfashi
Duniya ta yi babban rashi da rasuwar ɗaya daga cikin fitattun marubutan Afirka, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, wanda ya rasu a ranar Laraba 28-05-2025, yana da shekaru 87.
Ba kawai marubuci ba ne, Ngũgĩ ya kasance masani, jagora, kuma mai fafutukar kare al’adu da yare. An haife shi a shekarar 1938 a Kenya lokacin mulkin mallaka da sunan James Ngugi, amma daga baya ya soke sunan Turawa ya rungumi asalinsa na Gikuyu, saboda kishi da gwagwarmayarsa ta kare martabar Afirka da al’adunta. Rasuwarsa ta bar giɓi a duniya, musamman cikin adabin Afirka.
Ngũgĩ ya fara rubuce-rubucensa da himma da basira. Littafinsa na farko, Weep Not, Child (1964), shi ne littafin Turanci na farko da wani marubucin Gabashin Afirka ya rubuta kuma ya samu karɓuwa. Littafin ya bayyana labarin wani yaro ne da ya taso a lokacin yaƙin Mau Mau a Kenya. Littattafansa na gaba, kamar The River Between (1965) da A Grain of Wheat (1967), sun taskance tarihin gwagwarmayar siyasar ƙasar Kenya, kafin da bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Haka kuma suna bayyana rikice-rikicen da suka danganci cin amana, sha’awa da kishin ƙasa cikin hikima da fasaha.
Amma mafi girman sauyi a rayuwar Ngũgĩ ya zo ne a cikin shekarun 1970, lokacin da ya yanke shawarar daina rubuce-rubuce da Turanci gaba ɗaya, ya rungumi harshensa na Gikuyu da sauran yarukan Afirka. A cewarsa, harshe ba kawai hanyar sadarwa ba ne, amma maɓuɓɓugar al’ada da iko. Littafinsa mai tasiri, Decolonising the Mind (1986), ya zama wata kafa ta juyin-juya-hali da ke kiran marubutan Afirka da su daina amfani da yarukan Turawa, su koma ga nasu.
Wannan matsayi ya jawo masa fushin gwamnati. A shekarar 1977, wasan kwaikwayonsa na “Ngaahika Ndeenda” (Zan Yi Aure Idan Ina So), wanda ya rubuta tare da Ngũgĩ wa Mirii da kuma haɗin gwiwar manoma da ma’aikata, ya fusata Gwamnatin Kenya matuƙa, har ta kai ga aka tsare shi a gidan yari ba tare da gurfanar da shi a kotu ba. A lokacin da yake tsare ne ma ya rubuta littafinsa mai taken Devil on the Cross (1980), a kan takardar share najasa — babbar alamar da ke nuna halinsa na juriya da tawaye.
Bayan tserewarsa daga ƙasar zuwa gudun hijira, Ngũgĩ bai tsaya ba. Ya ci gaba da rubuta littattafai masu yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da labarai, wasan kwaikwayo, ƙasidu, tarihin rayuwa da littattafan yara. Littattafansa kamar Matigari (1986), da kuma Mũrogi wa Kagogo (Wizard of the Crow, 2006), sun ƙara wa adabin Afirka girma da salo. Littattafan sun haɗa da na tatsuniyoyi da barkwanci da labarun rayuwa na gaskiya, cikin hikima da fasaha.
Ayyukan Ngũgĩ sun samu shaida da lambobin yabo da dama a duniya baki ɗaya. Amma mafi girma shi ne yadda ya zamo abin koyi ga sababbin marubuta da malamai na Afirka. Ya ƙalubalanci tsarin ilimi da adabi na yammacin duniya, yana jaddada cewa Afirka na da ikon ta tsaye da ƙafafunta, ba tare da dogaro da Turawa ba. Duk da kasancewarsa a jerin marubutan da ake ta hasashen za su ci lambar yabo ta Nobel, bai taɓa samun lambar ba, amma matsayinsa a zuciyar al’umma ya zarce kowace irin lamba.
Ga wasu daga cikin fitattun littattafan da Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o ya wallafa:
Littattafan ƙirƙirarrun labarai: Weep Not, Child (1964), The River Between (1965), A Grain of Wheat (1967), Petals of Blood (1977), Devil on the Cross (1980), Matigari (1986), da kuma Wizard of the Crow (2006).
Littattafan wasannin kwaikwayo: The Black Hermit (1963), Ngaahika Ndeenda (1977), da kumaI Will Marry When I Want.
Kasidun da ya rubuta: Homecoming (1972), Decolonising the Mind (1986), Moving the Centre (1993), da kuma Something Torn and New (2009).
Littattafan tarihin rayuwarsa: Detained: A Writer’s Prison Diary (1981), Dreams in a Time of War (2010), In the House of the Interpreter (2012), da kuma Birth of a Dream Weaver (2016).
Littattafan yara: Njamba Nene and the Flying Bus (1991), da sauransu.
Ngũgĩ ya zamo tauraro ga marubutan Afirka — mutum mai gaskiya da kishi, wanda bai ji tsoron magana ba, kuma bai taɓa rufa gaskiya ba. Ya rungumi yaren Afirka da al’adunta da girma da daraja. Ya ƙarfafa gwiwar matasa da masu tasowa da su rika rubutu da yarensu. Tunanin Ngugi game da ‘yancin harshe da adabin cikin gida har yanzu yana da tasiri a duniya.
Yayin da muke jimamin wannan babban rashi, muna kuma murnar nasarar rayuwar da ya samu, kasancewar ya rayu cikin nagarta da himma. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o ba kawai ya rubuta littattafai ba ne, ya ƙirƙiri sabuwar hanya ce ga Afirka ta bayyana kanta. Ayyukansa na adabi za su ci gaba da rayuwa tare da haskaka wa al’umma hanya. Babu shakka ya bar mana gado mai daraja.
Allah Ya ji ƙan ka, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o. Alƙalaminka ya fi takobi, littattafanka sun fi zinariya. Ka tsaya tsayin daka don Afirka, kuma Afirka za ta ci gaba da yaba maka har abada.
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Bashir Malumfashi, marubuci, shi ne Editan Mujallar Taskar Gizago (online)
