Marubuta Bakwai Mafi Tsufa A Duniya Da Har Yanzu Suke Rubutu
Daga Henry Akubuiro Da Bashir Yahuza Malumfashi
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Yayin da mutum ke ƙara tsufa, yawanci aikinsa a rayuwa yana raguwa. Mutum ba ya zama cikin ƙuruciya ta har abada. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki ba ne yadda ma’aikata a faɗin duniya suke dakon ganin lokacin ritaya.
A shekarar 1881 ce aka fara kafa ƙa’idar lokacin ritaya a hukumance a duniya, inda ƙasar Jamus ta iyakance shekaru 70 a zamanin mulkin Otto von Bismarck, tsohon Shugaban Jamus. Daga bisani aka rage zuwa shekaru 65 a 1916.
Bayan Jamus, ƙasashe da dama suka fara ƙayyade shekarun ritaya a hukumance. Birtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Taimakon Tsofaffi ta 1908 (Old Age Pensions Act 1908), wadda ta ƙayyade shekarun ritaya da farko a kan shekara 70. Daga baya kuma aka rage zuwa shekara 65 ga maza da shekara 60 ga mata a 1946.
Amurka ma ta ƙayyade shekarun ritaya da farko a kan shekara 65. Zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, kusan dukkan ƙasashe sun riga sun ƙayyade shekarun ritaya tun daga 1935. Ana ɗaukar cewa ma’aikacin da ya bayar da mafi kyawun ƙarfinsa zuwa shekaru 65, to ya cancanci hutu da fansho a matsayin diyya ga shekaru masu yawa da ya gudanar da aiki cikin wahala.
Sai dai waɗannan ƙa’idojin ritaya ba su shafi kowane fanni na aiki ba. A fannoni irin su kasuwanci, aikin lauya, ilimi, injiniya, aikin jarida, duniyar adabi da sauransu, mutane da yawa ba su yin bankwana da aiki a iya shekara 65 kawai.
Ga marubuta masu ƙirƙira da sauran masu sana’o’in fasaha, rayuwar zaman banza ba ta da wani armashi. Wasu na ci gaba da aiki tuƙuru har bayan shekaru 80. Akwai ma wasu da ke cikin shekaru 90, waɗanda ba su daina harkar rubuce-rubuce ba.
Kamar yadda yake a sauran sana’o’i, tsufa na shafar marubuta amma sau da yawa ta fuska mai kyau. Tsofaffin marubuta na dogaro da zurfin gogewar rayuwa, ƙarfin tunani da lura da abubuwa daban-daban – abin da ke sa labarin rayuwarsu da yanayinsu suke zama masu gamsarwa da kusanci da mai karatu.
Haƙiƙa, gogewar rayuwa na haɓaka fahimtar ɗabi’ar ɗan’Adam, jigogi masu rikitarwa da ƙananan salo masu laushi, waɗanda ke inganta yanayin ba da labari. Haka kuma shekaru da dama na karatu, rubutu da bincike kan samar da gogewa da ƙwarewa ga tsohon marubuci, ta fuskar harshe, murya da tsari. A gaskiya, yawan shekaru suna ƙarfafa ikon samar da fiƙira har zuwa lokaci mai tsawo, duk da cewa akwai yiwuwar matsalolin mantuwa, ƙalubalen lafiya, kamar raguwar gani da wahalar zama a wuri guda na dogon lokaci.
Yawan shekaru ga ɗan’Adam baiwa ne kuma dukiya ne amma ba shinge ba ne da zai hana mutum ci gaba da ƙoƙari a fannin da ya ƙware a kai. Tarihin ayyukan adabi na wasu tsofaffin marubuta ya tabbatar da haka. Cibiyar Adana Bayanan Al’amuran Al’ajabi ta Duniya (Guinness World Book of Records) ta amince da Kim Hyung-seuk na Koriya ta Kudu, marubucin littafin “Hyung-seuk: 100 Years of Wisdom,” wanda aka wallafa a watan Maris, 2023; a matsayin marubuci mafi tsufa a duniya da ke raye. Ya zuwa yanzu ya haura shekaru 103.
Jim Downing na Amurka, wanda ya taɓa riƙe kambin marubuci mafi tsufa a duniya da yake raye, ya wallafa littafin labarin ƙirƙira, mai suna “The Other Side of Infamy” yana da shekaru 102 a duniya.
A Najeriya, fitaccen marubuci, sha’iri, wanda ya taɓa cin kyautar Nobel, Farfesa Wole Soyinka (an haife shi a 1934), har yanzu yana ci gaba da harkar rubuce-rubuce cikin ƙwazo, duk da cewa ya kai shekaru 91 a duniya. Babban aikin Soyinka na ƙarshe, littafin ƙirƙirarren labari ne mai taken “Chronicles of the Happiest People on Earth,” wanda aka wallafa a 2021, a lokacin yana da shekaru 86 a duniya. A halin yanzu, shi babban malami ne a Jami’ar Abu Dhabi, inda yake koyar da Fasaha.
A Afirka, duk da haka, akwai fitattun marubuta tsofaffi da suke raye, waɗanda ba su kasance masu aiki sosai a fagen adabi kamar yadda Soyinka ya kasance ba. Marubuci Ayi Kwei Armah na Ghana, shahararre ne, wanda ya yi suna da littafinsa mai taken “The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born.” An haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1939 amma a ‘yan shekarun nan bai fitar da wasu sabbin littattafai ba. Akwai kuma marubuci Zakes Mda na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Writers’ Prize, fitaccen marubucin labaran ƙirƙira da wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma sha’iri. A yanzu yana da shekaru 78 a raye (saura shekaru biyu ya cika 80). Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan shi ne “Wayfarer’s Hymn” wanda aka wallafa a 2021, lokacin yana da shekaru 73.
Akwai kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya, Abdulrazak Gurnah, wanda aka haifa a 1948. Shi ma ya taba samun kyautar Nobel kuma a halin yanzu saura shekaru uku ya cika 80. Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan mai taken “Theft” an wallafa shi a 2025.
A ƙasar Kanada kuwa, akwai marubuciya Margaret Atwood, mai shekaru 86 a raye. Ita ma marubuciyar ƙirƙirarrun labarai ce, sha’ira kuma masaniyar adabi. Ta yi nasara tare da wani marubuci wajen lashe lambar yabo ta Booker Prize a 2019, lokacin tana da shekaru 80. Ta samu wannan lambar yabo ce saboda littafinta mai taken “The Testaments” wanda ci gaban shahararren littafinta ne mai taken “The Handmaid’s Tale.” Ta wallafa ayyuka fiye da guda 100.
Isabel Allende, ita ma marubuciya ce mai shekaru 83, ‘yar kasar Chile a Amurka ta Kudu. Ta shahara a rubuce-rubucen labaran da suka shafi iyali cikin salo mai ƙayatarwa da kama tunani. Duk da tsufanta ta ci gaba da harkar rubutu. Littafinta na baya-bayan nan, shi ne “My Name is Emillia del Valle,” wanda aka wallafa a 2025.
Akwai marubuci ɗan Birtaniya, Len Deighton, wanda fitaccen marubucin labaran leƙen asiri da tarihin soji ne. A yanzu yana da shekaru 96 a duniya kuma har yanzu yana kan aikinsa a matsayin marubuci. Ana ɗaukar sa cikin manyan marubutan labaran leƙen asiri uku na Birtaniya. Ya yi sana’ar adabi mai ɗaukaka na tsawon sama da shekaru 50 kuma kwanan nan ma ya ba da gudunmawa ga sabbin wallafe-wallafe. Littafin tarihin rayuwarsa, “Book of Lives: A Memoir of Sorts,” an wallafa shi a watan Nuwamba, 2025.
Idan muka dawo Najeriya, Dokta Bukar Usman shi ne watakila marubuci ɗan Najeriya mafi yawan shekaru, wanda kuma har yanzu yake kan aikin rubuce-rubuce tuƙuru. A bana ya cika shekara 83 a duniya, amma idan aka yi la’akari da yawan littattafan da yake wallafawa a kowace shekara da kuma waɗanda har yanzu yake kan aikinsu, to za a iya cewa babu kamarsa a cikin marubuta tsararrakinsa. Daga tatsuniyoyi, al’adu da tarihi, zuwa littattafan da suka shafi manufofi, tsaro da harkokin mulkin jama’a da sauransu, ya kasance marubuci mai yawan wallafa. Amma babbar gudummawarsa a adabi ta fi bayyana a wallafa littattafai kan tatsuniyoyin al’ummomin Najeriya. Da wuya a sami wani marubucin da ya tara irin waɗannan adadin littattafan tatsuniyoyi da aka wallafa a cikin Ingilishi da sauran harsunan gida, kamar yadda ya yi.
A cikin shekaru huɗu da suka gabata, ya wallafa littatafai masu taken: Conversations with Bukar Usman (Klamidas, 2022); My Literary Works: Reviews and Reports (Klamidas, 2022); 13th National Conference on Literature in Northern Nigeria (2023); Reflections on the Nigerian Public Service: Way Forward for Governance (2024); A Review of Boko Haram and other Security Challenges in Nigeria (2024); Bura Women Development Association (BUWDA), Abuja Chapter (2025); da A Review of A Journey in Service: An Autobiography – Ibrahim Babangida (2025).
Kafin waɗannan, ya riga ya wallafa daruruwan littattafai kan tatsuniyoyi, ciki har da shahararrun tarin manyan kundaye na Treasury of Nigerian Tales (TNT), waɗanda galibi yake ba da su kyauta ga masu son karatu, makarantu, ɗakunan karatu, hukumomi da cibiyoyi a faɗin duniya.
A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1942 aka haifi Usman. Tsohon Babban Sakatare a Fadar Shugaban Ƙasa kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Adabin Gargajiya ta Najeriya (Nigerian Folklore Society) na yanzu. A yayin da ya cika shekara 83 a duniya, ya rubuta littattafai sama da 40.
Lokacin da wakilin jaridar The Sun ya ziyarci ofishinsa a Maitama, Abuja, jim kaɗan kafin zuwan ranar haihuwarsa ta Disamba, ya tarar da ofishin cike da tarin ayyukan adabi da suka haɗa da wallafaffun littattafai da ma waɗanda yake kan yi da kuma ma’ajiya mai ɗauke da littattafai iri daban-daban masu tarin yawa.
Dokta Bukar Usman ya ce: “Bayan na yi ritaya a 1999, na yanke shawarar in ci gaba da bayyana wa jama’a wasu daga cikin abubuwan da na koya na ilimi a rayuwar aikin da na gudanar a cikin shekaru talatin da na yi a hidimar jama’ar Najeriya a manyan muƙaman da na riƙe. A yayin yin hakan, na kuma karkata zuwa tatsuniyoyi – abin da ni da mutane da dama shahararru muka amfana da su ƙwarai tun muna yara har zuwa balaga. Hakan ya sa na gudanar da bincike a faɗin Najeriya kan tatsuniyoyi. Yayin da nake wallafa ra’ayoyi da sakamakon bincikena a fannonin da na mayar da hankali a kai, martanin masu karatu tare da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin masu goyon baya da kuma karramawa ta lambobin yabo na girmamawa da na samu daga cikin gida da waje, sun sa na ji ana yaba abin da nake yi kuma hakan yana ƙara mini ƙwarin gwiwa.”
Ganin cewa yawancin ayyukan Dokta Usman na adabi sun bayyana ne bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati, wasu sun yi mamakin yadda haka ta kasance. A kan haka ya bayyana cewa: “Kamar yadda na bayyana sau da dama a baya a wasu hirarrakin da na yi da kafofin watsa labarai, gaskiya ne ba a san ni a matsayin marubuci ba yayin da nake aiki. Amma hakan ba yana nufin ban taɓa rubutu ba a matsayina na jami’i. Na yi, amma a ta wasu fuskoki na daban. Ritayata ce kawai ta ba ni ƙarin lokaci don mayar da hankali ga harkar rubuce-rubuce kuma na yi amfani da damar gaba ɗaya, da taimakon Allah wanda ya albarkace ni da lafiya da basirar yin hakan. Kamar yadda na faɗa a wani wuri, na yi imani cewa kowane ɗan’Adam yana da kwayar halittar rubutu a jikinsa. Abin da yake buƙata kawai wata ‘yar jagora kaɗan ce don ya bunƙasa. Kuma goyon bayan jama’a da na samu ya zama tamkar ƙarfafa wannan sha’awa.”
A wurin Usman, yana da wahala ya ware wani daga cikin littattafansa a matsayin bakandamiya. “Na fuskanci wannan tambaya a baya. Amsata, wadda nake so in sake jaddadawa ita ce, kamar a ce ana tambayar uba ne ya nuna ɗan da ya fi so cikin tarin ‘ya’yansa. Gaskiya, ko da mutum yana da wanda ya fi so, bai dace ya bayyana hakan a fili ba. Don haka, game da littattafaina, ya rage ga masu karatu su faɗi wanda suka fi jin daɗinsa bisa ga fahimtarsu da kimantawarsu.”
Usman ya daɗe da yanke shawarar cewa, muddin Allah ya ci gaba da albarkar shi da lafiya da cikakken hankali, to zai ci gaba da gudanar da harkokin adabi. Ya ƙara da cewa: “Lokacin da na cika shekaru 80, na yanke shawarar rubuta littafi kuma na zaɓi taken “Looking Back, Looking Forward: 80th Birthday Reflections and Reports.” Wannan da wasu littattafai kaɗan suna kan hanya kuma da yardar Allah za a fitar da su nan ba da jimawa ba. Tambayarka ce kawai ta sa na hanzarta bayyana haka.”
Game da tsarin rubutunsa, ya shaida wa The Sun cewa: “Ina gudanar da ayyukan adabi tare da wasu ‘yan ma’aikatana, musamman a lokutan yamma na ranakun aiki, yayin da ƙarshen mako da nakan keɓe su ga karatu da tunani don ƙara cike gurbin abin da nake yi ni kaɗai a sauran lokuta.”
Kamar yadda muka gani daga ayyukan manyan marubuta da dama a duniya, yawan shekaru ba su zama shinge ga ayyukan fasaha da ƙirƙira. Wasu ma sun wallafa mafi nasarorin ayyukansu ne a ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Kamar Harry Bernstein, wanda shahararren marubuci ne. Yana da shekaru 96 ya rubuta littafin tarihin rayuwarsa mai taken “The Invisible Wall.” Kai ma mai karatu za ka iya fatan zama haka.
